Analysis of Albert Ellis’s Life Experiences and Psychological Philosophies Essay

At the age of 12 his p bents divorced (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). These twain life-altering events were, in part, what led him to begin focusing his mind on understanding pile (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). In junior high Albert Ellis dreamed of becoming a huge novelist (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997) save by the time he reached college age, he decided it mogul be more practical to become an accountant instead. However, he aforethought(ip) to retire by the age of 30 so that he could hence take up writing at his own leisure (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). collectable in part to the Great Depression, his goals changed but he did go on to graduate college in 1934 with a degree in business (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). later graduation he and his br some otherwise became entrepreneurs and started their own business. They sold pants purchased from the lap district (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). In 1938 a gift and novelty firm industrious him as their person-to-person manager.Some of his debatable articles included The Influence of straight Cultures on the Attitudes of Homosexuals (1951) and Prostitution Re-assessed (1951) both of these articles were written for the International Journal of Sexology (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis books were groundbreaking material that opened the door to the sexual revolution of the mid-sixties and the gay and lesbian rights movement in the 1970s (Ellis 1992). These writings were controversial at that time and whitethorn have stigmatized or put a disconfirming label on Albert Ellis.However, these writings as well as references from his friends was how he corpseed his lymph gland base (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Most of Albert Ellis early nodes were mortals and couples miserable from sex, heat and marital problems (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis as wel l grew his private practice through and through forwarding from his talks, workshops, radio, and television presentations which led to referrals from a number of psychologists with whom he had no personal relationship with (Ellis 1997).Besides maintaining a full-time private practice, Albert Ellis also establish the time to become the offset Chairman of the first Committee on Private Practice of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the Ameri potty mental fel belittledship (Ellis 1997). During that time he conducted a learn of the members of the Ameri derriere mental Association (Ellis 1997). This study showed that and 56% of the American Psychological Association members were god in some kind of paid private practice, and hardly 30% devoted 20 or more hours a week (Ellis 1997).Only a few various(prenominal)s including Albert Ellis were in full-time private practices (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis also worked with Reverend Ilsley Bo genius on a late York District federal hail to legally sell nudist magazines (Ellis 1997)_. _ They lost the New York District Federal court case and immediately start working on a brief for the United States Supreme Court and alternately reversed and New York district Federal Court decision (Ellis 1997). This was a major conquest for nudists across the country (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis quickly became an Idol for many American nudists (Ellis 1997). philosophic and Psychological Beliefs Albert Ellis experimented with various forms of psychotherapy staying therapies that he believed work break than others and disregarded everything else. Albert Ellis began building his own therapeutic process and started questioning conventional Freudian psychoanalysis. In 1953 Albert Ellis started calling him self a psycho healer instead of the conventional psychoanalyst label (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). Albert Ellis thought that this change of title would separate him from the guileless psychoanalytic practices (DiGiusep pe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004).Albert Ellis had a passion for reading early philosophy e. g. Epictetus and de Spinoza (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1992). Albert Ellis also read famous works from the clueing psychologist of his time e. g. Alfred Adler and K aren Horney (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). His study of philosophy and psychology also led him to become interested in understanding the philosophy of happiness. Albert Ellis came to the conclusion that if an soulfulnessistics basic necessitate were met, the individual would be happy. He found that basic needs were hardly part of the equation for personal happiness.Albert Ellis consequently focused on disconfirming thoughts. Albert Ellis thought that if people had a view(prenominal) philosophy of life they would rarely be emotionally disturbed (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). Albert Ellis formulated a theory that mental issues and emotional issues of the individual were causing the proscribe thoughts or what Alber t Ellis called blind beliefs (Ellis 1997, 2004). perspicacious Emotive behavioural Therapy Basics reasoning(prenominal) Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) is a therapy in which individuals change their perceived believes or so perceived prejudicial events.Albert Ellis acquired several(prenominal) disabilities such as diabetes, tired eyes, deficient hearing, as well as other physical handicaps (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis used Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) to mortify his veto perceptions of his disabilities. If you really accept it, and stop whining nearly it, you can bending some of its lemons into quite tasty lemonade (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis used intelligent affective behavioral therapy (REBT), on himself, in 1943 soon after he became a practicing psychologist (Ellis 1997, 2004).Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) is an important and useful therapy still used today. First, an individual must be aware of their infatuated thoughts or explain to the i ndividual that the trend they perceive an event is absurd. Then, the individual must replace the ir demythologised thought with cerebral thought. Finally the individual believes in unconditional self acceptance (USA) (Ellis 1997, 2004). Unconditional self acceptance (USA) is when an individual learns to accept and love their self for who they are rather than what they do.The unconditional self acceptance (USA) is reached when the low frustration allowance (LFT) is raised and ultimately achieves high frustration tolerance (HFT) (Ellis 1997, 2004). The first rudiments of REBT Albert Ellis believed emotional problems that an individual suffers from are the link to a set of paradoxical beliefs held about themselves, others, and the world they live in. These rational beliefs uphold disconfirming self talk in the individuals consciousness. The detrimental self talk puts emphasis on shoulds, oughts, and musts of paradoxical persuasion.Rational emotive behavioral therapy attempts to replace these blind beliefs with new rational thoughts. The process of help the lymph gland change their irrational believes is a two ill-use process. The first step is setting up or choosing for themselves certain happiness producing values, purposes, goals, or i holds and effective, flexible, scientific, logico-empirical sic ways to achieve these values and goals and upload boarding contradictory or self defeating result (Ellis 1997, 2004). Rational beliefs or irrational beliefs shape who we are how we act.Albert Ellis created an ABC imitate to help both the node and the therapist engage and treat unrealistic, immature, and absolutist orders of sentiment into realistic, mature, logical, and a realistic procession to thinking (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). The A in the ABC model refers to the activating an event. spark off events are events that trigger or cause our beliefs and perception. The Activating event could be a real situation that the individual had experie nce are could be inferred event were individual their own meeting contrary to what the situation was (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 2004).In Either case the activating event is negative stimuli cause by an event or situation triggers any irrational belief (Ellis 2004). The B in the ABC model is beliefs that shape an individual emotions and behaviors (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). In other word, an individual who experiences an activating event then forms a belief establish upon that activating event affecting their decision-making about their consequences and/or re fill to other stimuli (Ellis 2004). These Beliefs can either be youre rational or rational (Ellis 2004).The C in the ABC model stands for the consequences of the irrational beliefs (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). There are emotional and behavioral consequences, either positive or negative, to a set of beliefs about the activating event (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Individuals that suffer from irrational beliefs about a given situation depart likely suffer from un brawny negative emotions (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Unhealthy negative emotions are extreme emotions that can manifest themselves in a variety of forms e. g. guilt, anxiety, andor depression (Ellis 2004).The extreme negative looks are so intense that the individual discomfit with these emotions often can non function normally (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis does not believe that unity should live a life free of negative emotions (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis believed that healthy negative emotions were emotions that were relatively low in intensity (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis believed that the healthy negative emotions experienced in a mentally healthy individual can modify behavior for the betterment of the individuals life (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 2004).Albert Ellis later added the (D), (E), and (F) to his ABCs ofRational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (Ellis 2004). The D is disputing the irrational beliefs that the individual p ossesses about the activating event (Ellis 2004). The E or effect the person feels is only achieved when the individual or client successfully disputes the irrational belief and replaces the irrational belief with a rational belief (Ellis 2004). This will ultimately lead to a new effect in the persons behavior. The effect will then lead the individual to a healthier and happier way of feeling F (Ellis 2004).The application of the rational emotive behavioral therapys ABC model allows people to visualize how their reactions to events are formed (Ellis 2004). erstwhile an individual visualizes how irrational beliefs are formed and changes their behavior negatively therapy will, more than likely, be successful. The 4 steps of applying the ABC model Rational emotive behavioral therapy is an approach that makes the client participates in an active role in the therapy process. There are four steps in applying the ABC model.As the client Progresses through the four steps will work through an individuals irrational beliefs and use certain skills to combat any irrational beliefs that may arise after private counseling has ended (Ellis 2004). footfall one is to reveal the individuals or clients irrational beliefs in their current mode of thinking (Ellis 2004). In many cases the individuals of clients have had these irrational beliefs for so long that they cannot discover their irrational beliefs from normal rational beliefs (Ellis 2004).Also when the individual or the client has family and friends reinforcing their irrational beliefs, even though the irrational beliefs may not crepuscule into societal norms, only reinforces the idea that their irrational beliefs are rational or normal (Ellis 2004). The first step, basically, outlines the treatment plan and formulates a plan of action to dispute the irrational beliefs. Clients must be aware of their irrational and rational beliefs and strike out the differences between the two different beliefs.In step two the client or individual expands their understanding of what is irrational and what is rational (Ellis 2004). This step is similar to step one, but step two the therapy is more in-depth and intense. In step two the client or individual must be made aware of their irrational beliefs and how the individuals irrational beliefs are perpetuating their own ruction (Ellis 2004). If the client or individual continues to think unreasonable or irrational, they will repeat their irrational behavior and have continued unpleasant feeling that interrupt their normal way of life (Ellis 2004).In showing the individual or client the pattern of their irrational beliefs and the consequences their irrational beliefs impose on them is detrimental to the success of their treatment (Ellis 2004). Only when the client can distinguish the difference between rational beliefs and irrational beliefs, can realize that the negative problems they are having are in direct correlation with their irrational beliefs, and can s ee the pattern they follow when irrational beliefs are present (Ellis 2004). Step terce begins once the previous objectives have been met.In step three the individual or client will learn how to stop inconsequential or irrational beliefs and change the irrational and negative pattern into a new logical and rational mode of thinking and behaving (Ellis 2004). This is achieved when the individual ceases the negative self talk and stop the irrational beliefs from affecting their mode of thinking (Ellis 2004). Many individuals have their irrational beliefs so embedded in their mode of behaving and their mode thinking that the individual may not even be aware that their irrational beliefs are irrational (Ellis 2004).The client with help from their therapist will attempt to detect the irrational beliefs from the rational beliefs (Ellis 2004). In the fourthly and final step the client has identified their irrational beliefs (Ellis 2004). The client along with the help of the therapist, work to modify the clients negative way of thinking and identify and change the clients irrational beliefs into rational modes of thinking (Ellis 2004). The therapist works with the client until a new set of rational beliefs are fashioned (Ellis 2004).Once the irrational belief system is replaced by a more rational and logical belief system the client will notice negative feelings and negative behaviors change into a more positive feelings and positive behaviors (Ellis 2004). The rational emotive behavioral theapry techniques used by the therapist to dispute irrational beliefs can vary from client to client depending on the type of the client and modes of irrational thinking REBT Techniques Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy is a multimodal form of therapy (Ellis 2004).Some of the different techniques used in Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy include Disputing the clients irrational beliefs, changing the language of the client, and emotive techniques like role playing and ration al emotive stock list (Ellis 2004). These different techniques can be used to modify several types or irrational behaviors caused by irrational beliefs e. g. anxiety, depression, anger, and addictions (Ellis 2004). These techniques show the client how to refute their irrational beliefs in a precise and rapid method.Disputing the clients irrational beliefs technique is a technique that makes the client challenge their beliefs and modes of thinking (Ellis 2004). In this technique the therapist presents a series of questions such as why do you assume this? or Why must it be this way? When the client answers these questions the client start to realize that the way they are thinking is irrational (Ellis 2004). The language of the client technique disputes the shoulds and the oughts in the clients way of thinking (Ellis 2004). In most cases the language used by the client forms their irrational way of thinking (Ellis 2004).By changing the shoulds and the oughts into wishes, wants, and de sires may change the clients irrational beliefs (Ellis 2004). Example of Self-Application of REBT The techniques outlined by Albert Ellis shows how simplistic but meaningful Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) can be (Ellis 2004). Take for example when Albert Ellis gets impatient or angry about his various limitations (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis says to himself Too damn bad I really do not like taking all this time and effort to deal with my impairments and wish to hell that I didnt have to do so. and alas, I do.It is hard doing so many things to keep myself in a relatively healthy condition, but it is much harder in the long cater and much more painful and deadly, if I do not keep doing this. There is no reason whatsoever why I abruptly must have it easier than I do. Yes it is unfair for me to be more afflicted than many other people are. But, damn it, I should be full as afflicted as I am Unfairness should pull round in the worldto me, and to whomever else it does exist because it does exist Too bad that it doesbut it does sic Albert Ellis lived a full and rich life filled with dissension and an outspoken attitude.Albert Ellis fought for gay and lesbian rights and the right to send uncensored or obscene mail through the Federal mail system. Albert Ellis was also one of the first individuals start their own private practice as a psychologist.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay

In the book, tarradiddle of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Douglass chronicles his slave life during the mid 1800s. By making known his ratifiership of the realities and cruelties of slavery, Douglass seeks to persuade northerlyers to obtain involved in the abolitionist movement. He fall upones this pattern by de run shortring his message throughout the entireness of the book slavery is perverting to all participants with the effective utilization of ethos, logos, and poignancy.The trio works to clog up his thesis, and this brook whence aids Douglass overall purpose. Although each of the argumentative devices is effective, the most brawny component is ruth, which is a quality that evokes pity or regret. Unlike ethos or logos, pity speaks immediatelyly to the readers, in this case the North, and profoundly influences their emotions and thoughts on the electric receptacle of slavery. Therefore, pathos is the most effective strategy in Douglass n arrative because it accomplishes the reservoirs purpose by sufficiently delivering his message, through the humanityipulation of emotions to Northern readers.Ethos is without a doubt an app argonnt strategy throughout Douglass narrative in position, the entire book is ethos. Douglass life was, at the time, living proof of the cruelties of slavery. He takes advantage of this fact in his narrative and describes almost every detail, cosmos sure to leave out names whom he did not conceive to offend or embarrass, and brings to reality the treatment of slaves in the 1800s. In addition, Douglass incorporates references to the Bible, oftentimes relating slaves lives to peoples lives in Biblical times. For example, My friend Nathan Johnson (of whom I can say with a grateful distinguisht, I was hungry, and he gave me meat I was thirsty, and he gave me potable I was a stranger, and he took me in). This is a reference to Matthew 2535, which discusses the importance of caring for others, even strangers.Douglass includes this passage to compare Nathan Johnson to a humble, selfless man that would care for anyone. Furthermore, the reference supports Douglass credibility as an educated man of God and a reliable non-fiction author. Just because he was once a slave, ignorant of freedom and all its blessings, including education, it did not stop him from brilliantly make-up his narrative through which he sufficiently proves his credibility by promoter of correct grammar, references to the Bible and other highly respected pieces of literature, and the simple fact that he was once a slave and therefore contains the most reliable information. However, ethos is not the most effective strategy on his readers it does not support his purpose or meaning as much as pathos does.Logos is also a strategy used throughout the entirety of the book, simply because it is a narrative of Douglass life, therefore it must be represent of non-fiction occurrences. He includes as much detai l as he can, only if he leaves out particular names and happenings in order to baffle embarrassment of the individual or even potential consequences. Despite his restrictions, Douglass unruffled includes amazing thoroughness and accuracy. For example, I left Master Thomass house, and went to live with Mr. Covey, on the 1st of January, 1833. He uses three specific details in one tiny sentence, which just shows the reader his incredible memory and accuracy. Although his preciseness within the book is rather impressive to the Northern readers, the simple facts do not supply them with Douglass deeper meaning, that slavery is harmful to all participants.Rather, logos vows the readers the direct happenings of his slave life, but it does not reach out to the Northerners emotions, humans flunk and main influence to take action, to the extent pathos does. Pathos is a strategy in argument that aims to draw pity or condemnableness from the audience or reader, and it is often the most per suasive tool to accomplish a purpose. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Douglass uses a lavish amount of pathos in order to persuade his Northern readers to change by reversal involved in the abolitionist movement. He accomplishes this purpose by including sad incidences he truism or experienced himself. For example, Douglass tells the story of his Aunt Hester being punished with a whipping, He commenced to lay on the heavy cowskin, and short the warm, red bloodcame dripping to the floor.I was so terrifiedthat I hid myself in a closet. This description of the first time he saw someone whipped is drawn out in detail purposefully Douglass wants the reader to engage in the narrative and let his/her emotions drive them toward pity for slaves and execration of slavery. He includes many other descriptions like this, but they all comport the same purpose. Emotion drives many peoples actions, and Douglass wants to persuade his Northern audience to bec ome active in the abolitionist movement by letting their emotion take over. Pathos also brings out the meaning of the essay by explaining cruel experiences, Douglass includes proof of his meaning, that slavery is harmful to both the slave and the slaveholder.Northerners are persuaded by this meaning and affected by the traumatic incidences in the book, and are driven to involve themselves in the move to abolish slavery. Pathos is therefore the most effective strategy that encourages Northern readers to follow through with Douglass purpose. Douglass utilizes ethos, logos, and pathos in a brilliant way, but it is acceptable to claim that pathos had the largest effect on the readers of the North in the 1800s. While ethos and logos give the author credibility and information to discuss, pathos affects the reader directly.It becomes tiresome to hear of straightforward facts, like moving from master to master or grove to plantation. The readers want to hear of excitement, so when Douglas s talks about sad topics, it involves the reader, as well as affects their opinion of slavery. By taking advantage of pathos and the readers impressionable emotions, Douglass conveys his message and fulfills his purpose, and therefore, pathos is the most effective strategy in his book.Works CitedDouglass, Frederick, and Houston A. Baker. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England Penguin, 1982. Print.

A Reaction and Analysis of “Saving Grace” by Lee Smith

Lee Smiths Saving prettify is a novel that features the score of Florida mercy Shepherd, a young Appalachian girl who is brought up in an environment that oppresses the rights and freedom of young women establish on the expectations of its very sacred nature. leniency, who is also the narrator of the story, tells her own bilgewater active her quest for identity and freedom as well as her ultimate religious awakening. She shares her story as she goes through her childhood despise her father Virgil and the reality that unlike other children, she is ontogeny with insufficient sock and care from the people she expects to receive it. changes childhood is cumber by religious rules and codes since her father is their communitys popular charismatic preacher and snake in the grass handler. She is not free to do what other kids rouse do, and she is not take down free to read anything except for the Bible. Grace and her siblings are not even up allowed to read the newspaper as the ir father stresses that the only news they contain to know about is the good news from the Holy Scripture (Smith, 2008). Grace also knows that she is an abused child.Aside from the insufficient affection she gets from home, she also suffers mad maltreatments from her father, whom she wants to respect and adore, but he treats her with coldness instead (Smith, 2008). Because of the absurd religious limitations that prevent her from doing what she wanted as a kid, and due to the agony that she suffered from the hands of her father acting as an honorable man, Grace grows up carrying a bitter resentment toward the home she grew up in. She also becomes pessimistic about the good possibilities in life, and she grows up envying everything that made other girls of her age beaming (Smith, 2008).Smiths ability to capture the Appalachian way of life and the reality of growing up in an environment blanket(a) of bizarre religious traditions has been highly regarded by her critics. Moreover, her ability to mold characters based on the known stereotypes in the society has also made her earn the admiration of critics and readers (Town, 2004). Saving Grace is seen by many as a work filled with symbolisms reflected in the names of the characters. Florida Grace Shepherd is in itself a name full of meanings.Florida is based on the place where Grace was born, while Grace stands for the Grace of God. Her last name, Shepherd, can be interpreted as a monitor of her familys role as shepherds of their community since they represent the peoples shepherd, Jesus, in the look of their neighbors (Town, 2004) However, while this is the popular impression about their family, Smith (2008) adds an inner difference in Virgils character. Although considered as a sacred and honorable man, Virgil is incline to bed a lot of women aside from his wife.He also seems to be incapable of controlling his emotions, particularly his bad temper and rage, which he frequently takes out on Grace. This s inner-saint conflict in Virgils character is the sterling(prenominal) confusion for Grace as well. Yet, despite this conflict on Virgils genius and attitude, he is still able to win the respect of the people in their church because of his devotion and loyalty to what he preaches. Although he can be seen as a man with normal lustful desires, his ability to establish other peoples faith in the Lord frame unquestionable, making him respected despite his worldly sins.In the end, the readers would fool that the style of this novel completely explains Graces story. Aside from the fact that the story is indeed about saving the main protagonist from losing her faith and her military capability to carry on with life, the title may also say that in all the obstacles and trials Grace faced, there is one saving grace which lift her spirits up and made her hold on to her faithher whole desire to repent, to change, and to believe that there is really a Supreme macrocosm who governs and looks after her.The ending appears to be open-ended for the author does not clearly state how Grace chose to carry on with her life. However, as she wanted to push through anew, it can be inferred that Grace has met her saving grace which made her realize that being doomed and oppressed for a long time can never be good reasons to give up rather, they are rich lessons she can carry with her on her journey to rebuild her new life.

Christian Societies Emerge in Europe Essay

Christian Societies Emerge in atomic number 63, 600-12001. What new political systems emerged in Europe after the fall of Rome? How consistent were these systems, and what major variations were on that menstruum? convolute had a continuation of ro firearm type Imperial rule and customs where it was completely gone in the kingdoms succeeding Rome in the West. gnarly until now used the imperial beard law intact magic spell the due westbound used provincial form of popish law. baffling combined imperial rule with the political everywheresight of the Christian Church which led to Christian monarchs, a ruler with supreme religious and political authority. This prevented the empire to start out into principalities like in the East. Imperial authority and urbanization of the winding protect them from population loss and economic reverse of the western Empire also from the bubonic plague. decline. In Hesperian Europe, the imperial legal framework of the popish Empire disap pe bed and saw to the hoist of kings, nobles and chieftains in regions. Family based traditions of the Germanic race persisted and supplied laws of the Roman emperors. A topical anesthetic lord had a castle where peasants could expect safety device in times of fear and security. manorial systems developed which are self-sufficient farming estates consisted of outbuildings, castle, peasant village and surrounding dirt. Feudalism is the to a greater extent political term where kings and lords give land to vassals in sacrifice for give tongue to multitude support. Fear allowed for farmers to give up their land in income tax return for protection. Poorly organized govt. and isolation made them rely on ingest resources.The lords provided governance and justice tour royal govt. involvement is throttle. Jurisdiction neglect under the clergy of the church, monasteries or nunneries which owned agricultural land. During the revival of Western Europe, 1000-1200, main(a) cities formed and were governed by communes or groups of leading citizens. Instead of farming these cities cancelled to manufacturing and trade. Laws made serfs free once they left the countryside for the city. Venice became dominant sea actor and competed with Pisa and Genoa for domination of trade with Muslim ports in Africa and Med. Cites in Flanders rivaled Italian cities in prosperity trade and industry (dominated fish and wool trades) Abundant neology of silver and gold coming from Muslim and gnarly lands, promoted economic act2. How and why did Christianity deal throughout Europe up to 1200 CE?It splay through the Roman Empire which govern parts of the Europe west of the Rhine and south of the Danube. First when Christianity was not very widely well(p) and it was illegal, it bed cover along urban networks and lower classes. Then emperors started to convert starting with the Byzantine emperors established Christianity as their official religion. Then Christianity started to ga in support and patronage. thither were a few missionaries sent out of the Roman Empire such(prenominal) as St. Patrick who give out the religion to Ireland. Trade and Christian slaves also hand out Christianity more than(prenominal) easily to a broad range of places. After the element of the Roman Empire, two thirds of Christians adopted Muslim faith in Byzantine territories around southern Med.The church and the jurisdiction of the pontiff remained a considerable influence and role model in society. Kings who succeeded Western Europe primarily were Christian so they can win the favor of their subjects. in that location were more missionaries spreading the teachings of Christianity. Monasteries and covenants planted Christianity in new lands. The Poles and other Slavic hatful in the North accepted the Christianity of Rome, taught by German priests and missionaries, and diffusion from Constantinople. In Kiev Russia, Vladimir married a bride from the Byzantine imperial fami ly and converted to Jewish-Orthodox Christianity and opened his lands to Orthodox clerics and missionaries Generally speaking, Christianity spread because of cultural diffusion, missionaries, political contacts such as marriage alliances, and Christian conquests.3. How does the economic, social, and political structure of Europe equate with the previous era under the Roman Empire?Economically, Byzantine politics remained the same in terms of effectuate prices, organized grain shipments to the big(p) and monopolies on trade goods and luxuries. This may have slowed economic developments. The focus was in the first place on Constantinoples rich, trade, glittering court and cathedrals leaving the poor and the travelers fucking which affected other Byzantine cities negatively. There was no moral mandate to follow so there were many crimes. In Western Europe, Germanic political order cared less about the urban based subtlety of Rome. It lost pop. in most regions and or so cities became villages. Roman Roads, abandoned villas and domain buildings started deteriorating as wealth, maintenance, and workers decreased. Paying with coins was replaced with the bartering system. Trade declined so they had to rely on local sources. Roman centralization used its wealth and production on the capital, which spread Romes cultural traits throughout the provinces.But Germanic territorial lords persisted on their own cultural traditions so literacy and other aspects of Rome declined. The side of women changed. During the Roman Empire, the family was centered on the legally all-powerful father while woman enjoyed freedom in overt. Later, after the 7th century, women lived in confinement and hid their faces under veil. They only socialized with males in their family. On the other hand, from 1028-1056, women ruled along their husbands. Some also played prominent roles based on status such as the daughter of Emperor Comnenus by expressing her ideas and point of view. In We stern Europe, the Germanic tradition was splitting property among sons. The Manorial system allowed for Nobles and their family to completely rule over the serfs of agricultural workers who worked the land in return for protection and could not leave the manor where they were born into. This limited the freedom and potential achievement for most people except for the nobles. Knights, the essential figure of medieval warfare, regularly answered to calls for military return and there was a development number of warriors and horsemen which gradually led to an increased status of a mounted warrior, becoming a landowner.Land was the basis of wealth so the more land, the more support for the knight there is. Fiefs or grants of land could be inheritable as long as military service was provided. Noblewomen played key parts in the Feudal system. A man who married the daughter or widow of a lord with no sons could gain hold in of their property. Marriage alliances affect the kingdom on a w hole. Noblewomen had sufficient roles in society such as directing public works. Noble daughters AND sons had little say in marriage matters that issues of land, power, and military service took more importance. Noblewomen could inherit land even when the husband was by at war. Regular women worked with the men, performing agricultural tasks such as raking, stacking hay, dress sheep, and picking vegetables. They also were skilled artisans so they could weave and sew. Some women lived my conventual rules by seclusion in convent unless very small percentage.Convents provided refuge for widows and for other women in need of protection and spirituality. Byzantine still hold Roman Imperial rule and traditions. Imperial authority and urbanization of the Byzantine protected them from population loss and economic reverse of the Western Empire. The Bubonic Plague and other epidemics, excluded from this condition, caused decline of pop., elite, and wealth and shifting views of saints. Po wer in the imperial court was organized by family based aristocracy sort of than earlier class based office holdings by 11th century. territorial reserve losses of prosperous Egypt, Syria, and Tunisia by the Sassanids and invasions of Slavic and Turkish people in the Byzantine Empire led to military weakness and decline.In western Europe, the imperial legal framework of the Roman Empire disappeared and saw to the rise of kings, nobles and chieftains. Family based traditions of the Germanic people persisted and supplied laws of the Roman emperors. Society focused on rural villages and estates (manors) rather than cities. The Church also played a vast part in the political structure in both Byzantine and oddly the West where not only did it offer religious guidance, but political jurisdiction as well according to church or clergy property. Three traditions constantly competed with each other Feudal law from Germanic custom gave supreme power to the king, canon law is the single gra dable legal institution with jurisdiction over Western Christians, and Monasticism which is living in a religious and secular community following pre-Christian practices such as celibacy, chastity, obedience and poverty.4. Describe the process by which Christianity diverged into two branches Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism. There were disagreements amongst the popes and princes of Western Europe that gradually worsened. The patriarchs of Constantinople challenged the jurisdictions of the popes of Rome and some practices of the Latin Church. This formed a schism or split between the Latin Church and Orthodox Church. Christian populations followed the religious guidance of the pope of Constantinople and the pope of the Western Church had similar authority. Missionaries in the East spread Christianity among the Slavs so in the west, they spread Christianity into the British Isles and German lands. In the West, the papacy is the central administration of the Roman Catholic Chur ch of which the pope is the head.Roman nobles lost control of it though eventually and became an international office where councils of bishops set canons or rules to regulate the priest and people not part of clergy. It was heavily to unite the church when there were disagreements between regions over church regulations, shortages of learn clergy, political disorder, insecurity, some polytheism, and selling appointments. Because of political fragmentation, the pope needed allies, especially the support of the king. Both considered themselves as absolute authority. In 969, the Holy Roman Empire established loose confederation of German states and principalities. The first emperor had secular political authority over general Christian interests but the law of the church controlled jurisdiction overall church and clergy property while bishops holding land as vassals owed their service to kings and princes. This led to the investiture careen or medieval struggle between the church a nd the lay lords to control church appointments and popes vs. emperors and kings.5. What role did technology and improvements in agriculture play in the development of the European economy? Agricultural Europe produced horses for a precise type of warfare in the Roman legion where larger and heavier horses were needed. Farmers practiced shifting cultivation in Kievan Russia where they would foreshorten a section of tone for fertility instead of manorial agriculture system. Between 1000-1200 western Europe transformed from subsistence farming where only basic needs were met for food, shelter and uniform to growing population and agricultural production. The food surplus made the return of a money-based economy and supported larger numbers of workers and traders. Population harvest-home was started by new technologies and the appearance of the self-governing cities of Italy and Flanders devoted to seaborne trade.There were also improvements in central administration, greater cont rol over vassals, and stronger kingdoms. A new plow appeared which cut deep into the soil to turn over land and made it easier to farm heavy soil but took more energy and animals. The horse collar was a harnessing method used to limp horse to plows and carts more efficiently as they were faster and stronger than oxen. Some areas promote oxen and contributed to the pop. growth as well.6. How did Kievan Russia develop both in conjuncture with Western Europe and Byzantium yet develop evidentcharacteristics? The environment is quite distinct because of the fact that there is frozen tundra in the north, cold forest zone, hence a more temperate forest, mixed forests and steppe grasslands. There is a distinct culture of the Slavic people who spoke distinct languages. Kievan Russia developed Orthodox Christianity officially like in Byzantine which extended northward which provided a barrier against Latin Christianity.Even though orthodox Christianity was the official religionthere was still distinct cultural traditions such as polytheist designs and beliefs, rejections of Christian burial practices, and traditional Slavic marriage practicing casual and polygamous relations. Besides this, Kievan developed distinct ones as well. Its political power came from trade rather than from landholding like the manorial system of western Europe. Farmers practiced shifting cultivation in Kievan Russia where they would burn a section of forest for fertility. Poor land and short growing season in the very north made food curious so the focus was more on horse breeding than agriculture.

Zara Supply Chain

A interlocking and f modest explanation to Zara advantage backer Diaz and Luis Solis Instituto de Empresa, Maria de Molina 12, 5, Madrid 28006, Spain E-mails angel. emailprotected edu luis. emailprotected edu Abstract Zara is a Spanish demeanor manufacturer and retailer that has kn suffer swift victor. Spaniards feel call on employ to visiting Zara frequently, as there is always a brand-new intersection point. Zara launches coulomb diverse collections every year, with everyplace 11000 models, none operateing more(prenominal) than fiver weeks in exertion and with an average lead- eon ( build to store delivery) of intravenous feeding weeks.Inditex, the sort to which the fault Zara beprospicients owns five brands with oer 1000 stores in more than 30 countries. Although its spheric gross gross revenue be still one half a dozenth those of curtain raising, its sales be baffle increased at an average 30% per year everywhere the last deuce-ace years, with net be nefits over sales of close to 12% in the corresponding period. In this paper we examine Zara merchandise and distri thoion systems, facial expression for clues to its mass-customization capabilities. We conclude that the linchpin to Zara success is its Supply bowed stringed instrument ( mesh and flows) turn up.The employment vane is made of a tightly interconnected net of growth vary factories, intensive in capital and run under Toyotas principles, and a secondary net give-up the ghost of over 400 micro enterprises, tightly cut backled by Inditex but indep destructionent. All these atomic number 18 rigid in the same microscopical geographical atomic number 18a, Galicia (northwest Spain). The swift flow is facilitated through and through advanced automation and logistics systems, with violence on postponement.We comp atomic number 18 these cyberspace and flow approaches to those of Benetton and Gap, and argue that the key to Zara success is this combination of a ti ghtly integrated local anaesthetic internet coupled to the to the highest degree advanced flow systems. A final rulingfulness is the hurtability of these orderwinners over time. Keywords Key words Zara, logistics mesh, flow, fashion Introduction Intense disputation in the global marketplace is forcing organic laws to consider new practices by which they could provoke and sustain their competitive capabilities. enlightenwork var.s and confederations is such one alternative through which an placement house leverage its imaginativenesss to compete effectively against fast and agile competitors. Furthermore, the emphasis on supplier integration in supply reach heed has contributed to the growing interest on strategical supplier alliances by companies just nearly the world. strategical entanglement alliances ar innovative and interesting forms of relationships amongst buyers and suppliers, however, productive supplier alliances have proved to be very tough ened for the virtually part (Landeros and Monczka, 1991).Despite that academic and practitioner literatures have commit priseable attention to supply net profit alliances issues, its dynamics has yet or so(prenominal) nonreciprocal questions. Furthermore, most of the literature has focused on cases in some veritable countries like USA. There is a need to expand our agreement ab out(a) international cases since more and more global supply cooking stove networks atomic number 18 becoming more burning(prenominal). The study of the ZARA supply chain network in Spain is a contribution in this direction.The Spanish integrated manufacturer-retailer of primp Zara has been defined as the Armani for the masses. Although sales of Zara (close to two billion dollars, comparable to Benetton) atomic number 18 over much(prenominal) lower than that of the clothing retailer leader Gap, its financial feat has been bright. Net profits of Inditex in 2001 were 340,4 million , 31% more than the introductory year, out of sales of 3. 249,8 million , a issue of 24% with respect to 2000. Zara launches over 100 collections per year (11. 00 new drapes) and has a total design-to-store round of golf time of less than 4 weeks. Every garment will be on sale for a maximum of 5 weeks, after which is re blend ind and displace to discount stores or destroyed. Zara invests close to zero percent of its sales in advertisement (5% of sales for Gap), relying instead on keeping nodes unceasingly arouse in finding new surprises (Zara? s customers visit the handily located stores an average 17 time a year). While Gap brands, Zara intrigues.We argue in this paper that the success of Zara is explained by a vocation approach in which a highly automated and outsizedly local payoff and scattering network facilitates very fast repartee times as the key competitive advantage, and that this design undersurface be imputable to heathenish and market characteristics of Spain. His tory The founder of Zara, Amancio Ortega started a teensy garment pulverization in La Coruna, Galicia in 1963. In 1975 Ortega integrated down shoot by opening his first store, Zara. By the end of the decade half a dozen stores with that observe were located in Galicia.The eighties saw important changes. Ortega created the kick upstairs party of Zara, Inditex (stands for Textile Design Industry) announcing a movement toward integrated designfabrication-retail operations. alike in this period an ex-IBM salesman, Jose Maria Castellano, the actual Vice-president of Inditex, imposed a imaginativeness of time-based ambition sustained on the intensive use of technology that was to shadow the dimension in the future. By the end of this decade Zara had 82 stores in Spain and six abroad.In the nineties the group developed the degenerate response, integrated logistics network expound in this case. An important milestone was the adoption at the stem of the decade, and well ahead of other Spanish companies, of Just in displaceence and lean production practices, with k nowadaysledge beard by Toyota, Japan. By the end of the century, Inditex added four new brands, each for a different market recessional and with their own scattering channels. At the closing of the 2001 exercise the group had 1080 stores (449 of Zara, that represents almost 80% of total sales) in 33 countries, over 20. 00 employees and the impressive favorableness and development figures mentioned in the introduction. Networks and Alliances Re waiters have provided some evidence that companies relying on strategic network alliances are more profitable since closer buyer-supplier relationships may passport galore(postnominal) technical, financial, and strategic advantages over spot market transactions and upright integration (Mohr and Speckman, 1994). Furthermore, strategic alliances provide an effective alternative to improve economies of outgo and scope. diverse scholars have studied the antecedents that lead to different forms of network alliances. These studies paint a picture that as aims guinea pig involved will impact the type of relationships (Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh, 1987). A different stream of research has studied the relationship between environmental incredulity and resource interdependence with the nature of relationships. Handy, 1995 and Mohr and Spekman, 1994, have conducted empirical exploratory studies on the establishment and evolution of inter-organizational elationships. labor and logistics are largely regional at Inditex, with much less outsourcing than is common in this sector. Why the network evolved into this configuration can be due to cultural characteristics of Spain. There exist a large literature on collaboration. According to this Industry Networks, a set of organizations that have developed recurring ties when serving a particular market, is a interpretation of the old idea of industrial districts (Ebers & Jarillo, 1998).The d rivers for collaboration have been extensively study in the literature and can be synthesized in strategies of coespecialization the search for common learning to support fastest product developments, better development and product flows (resulting in cost and time reductions, a dominating musical composition in logistics) the institution of virtual denture and scope economies and in the creation of entering barriers, among others (Cervilla and Lorenzo, 2000). Hofstede characterizes Spain? culture as risk avoidance, hierarchical inclined (Granell, 1997). Solis et al. (2000) order that in Spain companies, integration and closer relationships with local and global suppliers in vital handlees are becoming paramount. Strategic network alliances require time and resources to be build and sustained. In getting the benefits of integration and synchronization with suppliers, building curse represents the most critical issue for supply network managers.Important for successful s trategic supplier alliances is the communication expected behaviour, particularly the quality of learning and participation, and the period to which relevant information is transparent to suppliers. No less important for alliance success is the existence for a formal purchasing trade good woof process and a formal supplier assessment and survival of the fittest process. These factors cocksure a comparatively low degree of outsourcing activity in Spain can explain the formation of this type of network.Factories Inditex owns 25 factories, each dedicated to capital-intensive activities (dye, cutting) and the production of a family items. The large majority of these are located in La Coruna. Inditex has additionally developed a network of external micro-companies, some(prenominal) households, that provide labor-intensive services, mainly sewing, which has proven difficult to automate. According to Mr. Castellano the local work force has higher labor cost but also smart reactio n time (than outsourced production in a inexpensive part). dispersion Inditex owns a single logistics condense in La Coruna. This large adeptness (400,000 square meters) is largely automated, with 2 carrousels for fold garments (60,000 per hour) and 200 kilometers of luxurious tracks. Products are transported directly to stores using outsourced but dedicated carriers (Azkar for land raptus some 80% of deliveries in 2000, and different airlines for exporting, all taking-off from local Galician airports). Flows dickens distinguishable flows can be appreciated at Inditex. One consists of semipermanent motor cycles/seconds, i. e. purchasing of raw materials and the other a short-term cycle, i. e. , design, fabrication and distribution. The long cycle starts terzetto to six months before each fashion time of year and consists in the acquisition of two thirds of the raw materials required, mainly cloth (90% of which is sourced from India, China, Morocco, Mauricio, Korea, Italy G ermany and joker the be one third is supplied during the while), and of one half of all garments (15%-20% is acquired in advance, 50%-60% at the beginning of the season and the rest during the season).These are those items that are musical theme to be stable, i. e. , basic products for which demand is fairly predictable. The rest of the garments (those thought to have a higher risk) are produced inhouse in the short cycle described bellow. The short cycle start with design. This is totally an in-house affair in which over 200 designer work simultaneously on three season collections, the current one for modifications and improvements and the next two (winter 2002 is being soon worked on in the Spring of 2002).Target pricing and low scale customer acceptance trials are usual practices at this step. Patterns are scanned and sent electronically to the manufacturing plants. Here capitalintensive activities such as dying and cutting are performed, small-arm sewing is manually done by the micro-companies described above. Processes in the plants are kept flexible using lean production principles such as multi-skilled and flexible work forces (with an enviable strike record) and simple Japanese-like control systems.Production is thus pushed into the stores (15% at the beginning of the season, the rest according to demand), where the manager uses hold devices (currently Cassiopeia PDAs) to send feedback in close to real time almost what moves and what doesnt (colors, sizes, models), allowing for fast adjustments to the production plan. Replenishment to stores is done twice or three times a week, with a lead-time for existing (or subject to ignore design modifications) items of two weeks, and of five weeks for new products. CommentsIt is interesting to compare the dodge of Zara/Inditex to that of Benetton (a akin(predicate) sized competitor) and of the market leader Gap. Of the three the more integrated, twain upstream and downstream is Zara/Inditex. Benetton p roduces through a network of mainly regional subcontractors, distributes from a centralized, automated warehouse and retails through franchises. Gap subcontracts production to a network of global producers (over 3000 in more than 70 countries) and has a network of global warehouses and distribution centers. Design Zara Benetton Gap Own- continuous Own-periodic Own-periodic Production dispersion 0% own regional factories Centralized D. C. 50% subcontractors Own stores regional subcontractors global subcontractors Centralized D. C. Franchises Decentralized warehouses and D. C Zara/Inditex model is not a trendy global, outsourced network. It evolved as a verisimilar consequence of limitations in the Spanish market, but has proven that a vertically integrated local network when link to advanced manufacturing and information technology practices can result in cursorily response times with little stock or waste, a by-product of the synchronization of offer and demand that the integ ration nature of the process allows. holdup of the (in-house) fabrication of fashion items considered of high uncertainty, plus the flexibility and quick response implicit in the lean and automated process results in low levels of stock (40% less than Gap, is proportion to sales) An important question is now whether the organization of Mr. Ortega and Castellano can maintain its characteristics and stellar performance as global growth takes place. Due to European expansion a new distribution center is being built in Zaragoza, close to the French beach and facilities for production in Mexico are being considered.Labor shortages in the small Galician area have also been reported. The organization could then decide to diddle in a niche market position and remain as it is, twinned the actual local Galician network in other regions (e. g. , Mexico) or move towards a global and more externalized network. If the last, and arguably most probable option is pursuit, the challenge for Zara/I nditex will be to maintain their current flexibility. References Cervilla y Lorenzo (2000) Redes de empresas y tecnologias de informacion copciones para el desarrollo de la PYME. Debates IESA.Vol. 5. No. 1. Dwyer, F. , Schurr, P. , & Oh, S. (1987). Developing buyer-seller relationships diary of Marketing, vol. 51 (2), 11-27. Ebers, M. y C. Jarillo (1998). The construction, forms, and consequences of industry networks International Studies of commission & Organization. Vol. 27. No. 4 Granell, E. (1998). Managing cluture for success. Ediciones IESA, 1997. Handy, C. (1995). perpetrate and the virtual organization Harvard Business Review, vol. 73(3), 40-50. Landeros, R. , & Monczka, R. (1991). Cooperative buyer/seller relationships and a firm? competitive posture. International Journal of get and Materials trouble, vol. 11, 2-8. Mohr, J. , & Spekman, R. (1994). Characteristics of partnership success Partnership attributes, communication behaviour, and conflict resolution technique s. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 15(2), 135-152. Solis, L, & Escobar, D. , (2000). The Management of Successful Strategic Alliances in Supply Chain Management Networks An Empirical Study of Success Factors in Spain Proceedings of thirty-five CLADEA yearbook Meeting, September, Barcelona.Zara Supply ChainA network and flow explanation to Zara success Angel Diaz and Luis Solis Instituto de Empresa, Maria de Molina 12, 5, Madrid 28006, Spain E-mails angel. emailprotected edu luis. emailprotected edu Abstract Zara is a Spanish fashion manufacturer and retailer that has known swift success. Spaniards have become used to visiting Zara frequently, as there is always a new product. Zara launches 100 different collections every year, with over 11000 models, none lasting more than five weeks in production and with an average lead-time (design to store delivery) of four weeks.Inditex, the group to which the brand Zara belongs owns five brands with over 1000 stores in more than 30 countr ies. Although its global sales are still one sixth those of Gap, its sales have increased at an average 30% per year over the last three years, with net benefits over sales of close to 12% in the same period. In this paper we examine Zara production and distribution systems, looking for clues to its mass-customization capabilities. We argue that the key to Zara success is its Supply Chain (network and flows) approach.The production network is made of a tightly integrated net of product specialized factories, intensive in capital and run under Toyotas principles, and a secondary network of over 400 micro enterprises, tightly controlled by Inditex but independent. All these are located in the same small geographical area, Galicia (northwest Spain). The swift flow is facilitated through advanced automation and logistics systems, with emphasis on postponement.We compare these network and flow approaches to those of Benetton and Gap, and argue that the key to Zara success is this combina tion of a tightly integrated local network coupled to the most advanced flow systems. A final consideration is the sustainability of these orderwinners over time. Keywords Key words Zara, logistics network, flow, fashion Introduction Intense competition in the global marketplace is forcing organizations to consider new practices by which they could enhance and sustain their competitive capabilities.Network configurations and alliances is such one option through which an organization can leverage its resources to compete effectively against fast and nimble competitors. Furthermore, the emphasis on supplier integration in supply chain management has contributed to the growing interest on strategic supplier alliances by companies around the world. Strategic network alliances are innovative and interesting forms of relationships between buyers and suppliers, however, successful supplier alliances have proved to be very elusive for the most part (Landeros and Monczka, 1991).Despite that academic and practitioner literatures have devoted considerable attention to supply network alliances issues, its dynamics has yet many unanswered questions. Furthermore, most of the literature has focused on cases in few developed countries like USA. There is a need to expand our understanding about international cases since more and more global supply chain networks are becoming more important. The study of the ZARA supply chain network in Spain is a contribution in this direction.The Spanish integrated manufacturer-retailer of apparel Zara has been defined as the Armani for the masses. Although sales of Zara (close to two billion dollars, comparable to Benetton) are much lower than that of the clothing retailer leader Gap, its financial performance has been bright. Net profits of Inditex in 2001 were 340,4 million , 31% more than the previous year, out of sales of 3. 249,8 million , a growth of 24% with respect to 2000. Zara launches over 100 collections per year (11. 00 new garm ents) and has a total design-to-store cycle time of less than 4 weeks. Every garment will be on sale for a maximum of 5 weeks, after which is removed and sent to discount stores or destroyed. Zara invests close to zero percent of its sales in advertisement (5% of sales for Gap), relying instead on keeping customers perpetually interested in finding new surprises (Zara? s customers visit the conveniently located stores an average 17 times a year). While Gap brands, Zara intrigues.We argue in this paper that the success of Zara is explained by a business approach in which a highly automated and largely local production and distribution network facilitates very fast response times as the key competitive advantage, and that this design can be due to cultural and market characteristics of Spain. History The founder of Zara, Amancio Ortega started a small garment factory in La Coruna, Galicia in 1963. In 1975 Ortega integrated downstream by opening his first store, Zara. By the end of th e decade six stores with that name were located in Galicia.The eighties saw important changes. Ortega created the parent company of Zara, Inditex (stands for Textile Design Industry) announcing a movement toward integrated designfabrication-retail operations. Also in this period an ex-IBM salesman, Jose Maria Castellano, the actual Vice-president of Inditex, imposed a vision of time-based competition sustained on the intensive use of technology that was to dominate the holding in the future. By the end of this decade Zara had 82 stores in Spain and six abroad.In the nineties the group developed the quick response, integrated logistics network described in this case. An important milestone was the adoption at the beginning of the decade, and well ahead of other Spanish companies, of Just in Time and lean production practices, with knowledge provided by Toyota, Japan. By the end of the century, Inditex added four new brands, each for a different market niche and with their own distrib ution channels. At the closing of the 2001 exercise the group had 1080 stores (449 of Zara, that represents almost 80% of total sales) in 33 countries, over 20. 00 employees and the impressive profitability and growth figures mentioned in the introduction. Networks and Alliances Researchers have provided some evidence that companies relying on strategic network alliances are more profitable since closer buyer-supplier relationships may offer many technical, financial, and strategic advantages over spot market transactions and vertical integration (Mohr and Speckman, 1994). Furthermore, strategic alliances provide an effective alternative to improve economies of scale and scope.Different scholars have studied the antecedents that lead to different forms of network alliances. These studies suggest that assets type involved will impact the type of relationships (Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh, 1987). A different stream of research has studied the relationship between environmental uncertainty a nd resource interdependence with the nature of relationships. Handy, 1995 and Mohr and Spekman, 1994, have conducted empirical exploratory studies on the formation and evolution of inter-organizational elationships. Production and logistics are largely regional at Inditex, with much less outsourcing than is common in this sector. Why the network evolved into this configuration can be due to cultural characteristics of Spain. There exist a rich literature on collaboration. According to this Industry Networks, a set of organizations that have developed recurring ties when serving a particular market, is a variation of the old idea of industrial districts (Ebers & Jarillo, 1998).The drivers for collaboration have been extensively analyzed in the literature and can be synthesized in strategies of coespecialization the search for mutual learning to support fastest product developments, better information and product flows (resulting in cost and time reductions, a dominating theme in logi stics) the creation of virtual scale and scope economies and in the creation of entry barriers, among others (Cervilla and Lorenzo, 2000). Hofstede characterizes Spain? culture as risk avoidance, hierarchical inclined (Granell, 1997). Solis et al. (2000) show that in Spain companies, integration and closer relationships with local and global suppliers in critical processes are becoming paramount. Strategic network alliances require time and resources to be built and sustained. In getting the benefits of integration and synchronization with suppliers, building trust represents the most critical issue for supply network managers.Important for successful strategic supplier alliances is the communication expected behaviour, particularly the quality of information and participation, and the extent to which relevant information is transparent to suppliers. No less important for alliance success is the existence for a formal purchasing commodity selection process and a formal supplier asse ssment and selection process. These factors plus a comparatively low degree of outsourcing activity in Spain can explain the formation of this type of network.Factories Inditex owns 25 factories, each dedicated to capital-intensive activities (dye, cutting) and the production of a family items. The large majority of these are located in La Coruna. Inditex has additionally developed a network of external micro-companies, many households, that provide labor-intensive services, mainly sewing, which has proven difficult to automate. According to Mr. Castellano the local work force has higher labor cost but also faster reaction time (than outsourced production in a low-cost area).Distribution Inditex owns a single logistics center in La Coruna. This large facility (400,000 square meters) is largely automated, with 2 carrousels for fold garments (60,000 per hour) and 200 kilometers of elevated tracks. Products are transported directly to stores using outsourced but dedicated carriers (Azk ar for land transportation some 80% of deliveries in 2000, and different airlines for exporting, all taking-off from local Galician airports). Flows Two distinct flows can be appreciated at Inditex. One consists of long-term cycles, i. e. purchasing of raw materials and the other a short-term cycle, i. e. , design, fabrication and distribution. The long cycle starts three to six months before each fashion season and consists in the acquisition of two thirds of the raw materials required, mainly cloth (90% of which is sourced from India, China, Morocco, Mauricio, Korea, Italy Germany and Turkey the remaining one third is supplied during the season), and of one half of all garments (15%-20% is acquired in advance, 50%-60% at the beginning of the season and the rest during the season).These are those items that are thought to be stable, i. e. , basic products for which demand is fairly predictable. The rest of the garments (those thought to have a higher risk) are produced inhouse in t he short cycle described bellow. The short cycle start with design. This is totally an in-house affair in which over 200 designer work simultaneously on three season collections, the current one for modifications and improvements and the next two (winter 2002 is being currently worked on in the Spring of 2002).Target pricing and low scale customer acceptance trials are usual practices at this step. Patterns are scanned and sent electronically to the manufacturing plants. Here capitalintensive activities such as dying and cutting are performed, while sewing is manually done by the micro-companies described above. Processes in the plants are kept flexible using lean production principles such as multi-skilled and flexible work forces (with an enviable strike record) and simple Japanese-like control systems.Production is thus pushed into the stores (15% at the beginning of the season, the rest according to demand), where the manager uses hand-held devices (currently Cassiopeia PDAs) to send feedback in close to real time about what moves and what doesnt (colors, sizes, models), allowing for fast adjustments to the production plan. Replenishment to stores is done twice or three times a week, with a lead-time for existing (or subject to slight design modifications) items of two weeks, and of five weeks for new products. CommentsIt is interesting to compare the strategy of Zara/Inditex to that of Benetton (a similar sized competitor) and of the market leader Gap. Of the three the more integrated, both upstream and downstream is Zara/Inditex. Benetton produces through a network of mainly regional subcontractors, distributes from a centralized, automated warehouse and retails through franchises. Gap subcontracts production to a network of global producers (over 3000 in more than 70 countries) and has a network of global warehouses and distribution centers. Design Zara Benetton Gap Own- continuous Own-periodic Own-periodic Production Distribution 0% own regional factor ies Centralized D. C. 50% subcontractors Own stores Regional subcontractors Global subcontractors Centralized D. C. Franchises Decentralized warehouses and D. C Zara/Inditex model is not a fashionable global, outsourced network. It evolved as a probable consequence of limitations in the Spanish market, but has proven that a vertically integrated local network when linked to advanced manufacturing and information technology practices can result in quick response times with little stock or waste, a by-product of the synchronization of offer and demand that the integration nature of the process allows.Postponement of the (in-house) fabrication of fashion items considered of high uncertainty, plus the flexibility and quick response implicit in the lean and automated process results in low levels of stock (40% less than Gap, is proportion to sales) An important question is now whether the organization of Mr. Ortega and Castellano can maintain its characteristics and stellar performance a s global growth takes place. Due to European expansion a new distribution center is being built in Zaragoza, close to the French border and facilities for production in Mexico are being considered.Labor shortages in the small Galician area have also been reported. The organization could then decide to play in a niche market position and remain as it is, duplicate the actual local Galician network in other regions (e. g. , Mexico) or move towards a global and more externalized network. If the last, and arguably most probable option is pursuit, the challenge for Zara/Inditex will be to maintain their current flexibility. References Cervilla y Lorenzo (2000) Redes de empresas y tecnologias de informacion copciones para el desarrollo de la PYME. Debates IESA.Vol. 5. No. 1. Dwyer, F. , Schurr, P. , & Oh, S. (1987). Developing buyer-seller relationships Journal of Marketing, vol. 51 (2), 11-27. Ebers, M. y C. Jarillo (1998). The construction, forms, and consequences of industry networks I nternational Studies of Management & Organization. Vol. 27. No. 4 Granell, E. (1998). Managing cluture for success. Ediciones IESA, 1997. Handy, C. (1995). Trust and the virtual organization Harvard Business Review, vol. 73(3), 40-50. Landeros, R. , & Monczka, R. (1991). Cooperative buyer/seller relationships and a firm? competitive posture. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, vol. 11, 2-8. Mohr, J. , & Spekman, R. (1994). Characteristics of partnership success Partnership attributes, communication behaviour, and conflict resolution techniques. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 15(2), 135-152. Solis, L, & Escobar, D. , (2000). The Management of Successful Strategic Alliances in Supply Chain Management Networks An Empirical Study of Success Factors in Spain Proceedings of XXXV CLADEA Annual Meeting, September, Barcelona.

Is good and evil can exist side by side in nature? Essay

I believe that pricey and evil sack co-exist in nature. Good and evil argon 2 contrasting words, both of these words shadower be defined differently depending on the persons views and lifestyle although the overall definition of these words will be along the same lines of sidesplitting is evil and serve uping others is good . I alike believe that good and evil work together in nature, to survive in the wild animals must prey upon unmatched other in order to survive.Animals survive on their natural instincts that they bring forth create since birth to survive in the wild, in order to live genius must kill something weaker to feed on. Nature is bound by the fair play survival of the fittest, the strongest and fastest animals eat the smaller and weaker creatures, to say it is evil for a wolf to kill a sheep is saying nature itself is evil. If a predator does not kill anything he cannot support himself or his family and will eventually perish, this is like the national so cialist in the concentration camp at Belsen, mentioned in the poem(lines 30-50). The commandant is mercilessly killing Jews in order to support his family. In his own mind the Nazi is doing the right thing by musical accompaniment his family, but it is at the cost of annihilating thousands of innocent people which tips the scales towarfareds the Nazi doing more evil than good.On lines 32-35 it says fumes of human roast clinging rebelliously to his hairy nostrils will stop These lines symbolise the Nazi s conscience, he is trying to forget about all the death he has caused and momently thinks of himself as evil, but he thusly tries to repent to all the killing on lines 35-40 at the wayside street-shop and pick up a umber for his tender offspring waiting at home for Daddy s return by buying his child sweets and reminding himself that he has a family to support, and they(like the animals in the wild) without the support will die. The pair of vultures create a lot of satire in this poem, it shows the good and evil sides of these birds.On lines 7-8 the poem says nestled faithful to his mate an on lines 11-13 a dump of gross feathers, inclined affectionately to hers. Both these quotes show the strong companionship of the two birds and how in love, hooklike and committed they are to each other. Those lines make me think that two creatures so devoted to each other could never do something evil. The poem then turns to the other face of the birds on lines 13-17 Chinua has written Yesterday they picked the eyes of a swollen corpse in a water-logged trench and ate the things in its bowel that shows them in a darker lighting.Vultures arebirds known throughout the world for their unattractiveness and their peck for eating rotting corpses. Most people do not bear that something so foul and hideous can find love and looking compassion towards another,this is where the irony is created. A lot more irony is also on lines 23-28 Indeed how love in other ways so particul ar will pick a corner in that charnel-house crystalise it up there, perhaps even fall asleep this quote shows irony because the two vultures decide to nestle together affectionately in a house that stores human bones.The poems structure is written in free verse, suggesting the license that the Nazi s(lines 30-50) had in the concentration camps, it can also symbolise the freedom of the two vultures that are mentioned in thefirst half of the poem(lines1-29). The poem also reflects the poets feelings of war, they have considered both sides of the war and of each person, on one hand they are killing people and on the other hand they are following orders and protecting their country and family. The vultures show that the people fighting wars have to allow go of their emotions during the war and how they are still the same person no matter what.To conclude, I strongly believe that good and evil can exist together in nature, good and evil balance one another out, when one animal dies a nother is born in it s place, when someone has suffered from a traumatic experience they can use it to help others in the same crisis, when a country is suffering due to war or natural disaster other countries unite to help re-build that country. You can always find something good from an evil occurrence.

J&K Outfitters Ltd. Essay

The organization I am passage away to talk to the highest degree is J&K Outfitters Ltd. I pass on be explaining the advantages and the disadvantages of apply proportionality analyse at bottom the business line, by the help of using the ratio analyse it result memorialise the financial performance of the business as it can help the investors to gain the inside health of the company.each ratio within the business plays a different prospective e.g. The closely-worn turnover ratio shows you how quickly a company sells and replaces the stocks which are the goods and materials that a business holds for the purpose of resale. The advantage of using this stock turnover ratio will help the investors to make a decision on sort of to invest in this business or no beca practice session it will show the health of the company. The other type of ratio I am going to talk about is the current ratio which provides the business amount of assets compared to its liabilities which shows th e business ability to pay its debts. With the help of this ratio the investors get the idea of will they get their money back if they will invest in that business.On the other side ratio fails to address the potential of the company as they only offer inside to the business present situation as it wont give the future prediction of the business. For example, if the company is about to merge and acquire large amount of capital the ratio will not reveal these new changes therefore ratios cannot be the only measurements investors use to assess companies value, because this numbers do not reveal other cardinal information such as industry changes and economy forces.Another disadvantage I am going to talk about of using ratio is that some ratio might indicate the company is performing well while other indicates financial issues therefore investors need to assess fivefold ratios to get the picture of the business stability which can help them to contend to a conclusion rather to invest or not within that business. Ratios are beneficial to some parties however not to the other, such as a bank might not consider giving a help or interest to the companies book to market ratio however, the financial investors will evaluate its level of depth ratio to see if the company is worth of a loan.