Introduction to Business Marketing/Finance/Accounting

Question: Describe about the Introduction to Business for Marketing/Finance/Accounting. Answer: Introduction The business sector in New Zealand is largely dominated by 460,000 small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) that currently employs a massive 30% of the entire workforce, i.e., over 900,000 people (New Zealand Government, 2014). Out of the entire population of enterprises in New Zealand, 97% are presently small businesses consisting of around 20 or fewer employees (See Appendix 1). The aim of this essay is to analyse the business overview, and the marketing/finance/accounting aspect of OOB Organic that operates out of Auckland, New Zealand. Business Overview OOB is a producer of fresh and frozen varieties of organic Strawberries and Blueberries (Omaha Organic Berries, 2016). Industry Overview The organic foods sector in New Zealand has been growing at 25% for three consecutive years irrespective of the global recession(Cooper, et al., 2012) and was valued at $480 million in 2009 (See Appendix 2). OOB Organic is a market leader in its domain of organic fresh fruit and vegetable producers in New Zealand, which consists of over 1,700 certified and licensed organic operations. Marketing Marketing Mix Analysis Product. The products offered by OOB are Asurequality Organic Certified, premium organic fruits which are grown without any form of chemical treatment and related desserts, which are manufactured in a way so as to retain the goodness of the fruits (Omaha Organic Berries, 2016). These include fresh and frozen varieties of organic Strawberries and Blueberries, as well as authentic and delicious, sorbets, ice creams (Se Appendix 3). The organisation has been in existence for a decade and is currently on the lookout for opportunities to expand since it is in the growth stage of its product lifecycle(Twose, 2013). The products are positioned as a premium brand for genuine and certified organic berries and guilt-free desserts that are made with real fruits, without the use of harmful chemicals(Auton Auton, 2013). The products of OOB Organic are branded as by focusing on its key attribute of trustworthiness, that is differentiated based on its sustainability and simplicity, i.e., its ingredients are just fruit, cream and sugar. Thus, its unique packaging is similarly done using only three colours, which signifies its limited ingredients (Martin, 2013). Pricing. The pricing strategy alternatives available to OOB Organic are: Penetration pricing strategy where low prices are used to increase sales, Skimming pricing strategy where high prices are used to increase margins and Competitive pricing strategy where prices are set comparative to industry rivals. The correct pricing strategy for the organisation is competitive pricing strategy of setting prices in the range of $9.99/500 gm for frozen berries, $6.99/470 ml and $3.99/120 ml for ice creams, $11.99/6 unit pack for sorbet ice blocks and $11.99/450 gm for organic smoothies; which will help to reduce price sensitivity, ensure that the prices are market competitive and encourage more consumers to make purchases. Promotion. The promotional methods available to OOB Organic in this context are (Auton Auton, 2013): Trade promotion through trade shows, such as the Food Show in New Zealand, Consumer promotion through product tastings in supermarkets, Public relation through participation in the Restaurant Month Event in Auckland, and Advertising outsourced to Special Group for rebranding OOB Organic from berry growers to a premium brand of organic food producers and distributors (See Appendix 4). The most suitable promotional strategy for OOB Organic is a combination of online promotions through a social media campaign which will attract millennial consumers and increase the interest of tech-savvy consumers, as well as consumer promotions in supermarkets which will increase desire and elicit action through purchase. 2.1.4 Place. The successful distribution of OOB Organic products is aimed at supermarket and hypermarket retailers such as Countdown and New Worlds in New Zealand. The domestic distribution channel can also include popular organic and speciality food stores such as Nosh and Farro in order to reach out to health-conscious consumers (Auton Auton, 2013). In addition to this, exporting half of the overall turnover of frozen berries, i.e. around 500 tonnes, the brand can be targeted at Australian consumers. By making it available in at least 1600 of the top retail outlets of Woolworths stores and Coles stores (NZ Farmer, 2014), the company will be able to reach out to a much larger consumer base spread across the entire country. Consumer/Market Analysis The competitive market for premium quality organic foods can be segmented Geographically, based on the location of the consumer, which will enable the frozen organic mixed berries and ice creams can also be exported to emerging markets (Atherton, 2015) to benefit from the growing aggregate demand for organic foodstuff in these countries and capture a larger market share (See Appendix 5). Demographically, based on the age of the consumer, which will enable the company to serve younger consumers at its ice-cream and smoothie bars such as the one near Matakana Cinemas (Matakana Village, 2016). Behaviourally, based on heavy users of organic foods, who are increasingly aware of the harmful effects of chemical contamination of food (See Appendix 6). Psychographically, based on preference for healthy foods, in an effort to lead a healthy lifestyle (See Appendix 7). Benefit segmentation, based on the need for healthier snacks by consumers, who are particular about taste and health benefits (See Appendix 8). The target consumers are thus urban millennials, who have a sweet-tooth, like consuming organic fruits and are looking for healthier snacks and guilt-free indulgences in dessert items. Finance and Accounting Capital Structure of the Business Small and medium-sized companies often face capital gaps while de-leveraging their capital structures and making important financial transitions. There is a constant need to strengthen the capital structures and to reduce the dependency on borrowing by focusing on alternative mechanisms that enable such enterprises to increase their debt (OECD, 2015). Equity Financing. The options available to OOB Organic for equity financing are: There are 9 programs for business loans and 63 programs for a business grant available for small and medium business entrepreneurs located in Auckland, which can be availed for financial aid, expert advice, and mentorship (NZ Funding Grants, 2016). Funding can be sourced from angel investors who are always on the lookout for investment opportunities that will fetch them high returns on investment(OECD, 2015). The Entrepreneurs' Challenge programme arranged by the University of Auckland Business School, provides $1 million from venture capitalists in equity growth funding to the winner(Twose, 2013). The best alternative for OOB Organic for equity financing is to seek out government equity funding since it is an award-winning Auckland based businesses. This enables it to receive government funding in the range of $500 - $25,000,000 to help finance their small and medium business needs since there is no guarantee that venture capitalists will choose OOB Organic as a suitable business venture Long-Term Financing. The options available to OOB Organic for long-term financing are: Bank lending from Kiwi bank, Westpac NZ, GE Capital, Biz Finance, ANZ Bank and ASB Bank are a credible source for fulfilling the long-term investment and cash flow needs of start-ups in New Zealand(OECD, 2015). Crowdfunding through Snowball Effect, Pledge Me, Equities, and Lift-off can be used to finance particular projects of the enterprise, through peer-to-peer lending (OECD, 2015). Equity crowdfunding is the suitable option for long-term financing since OOB Organic is a new and growing entrepreneurial venture that might not get capital from traditional sources due to the absence of high collaterals and a strong credit history. Short Term Finance The options available to OOB Organic for short-term financing are: Invoice Finance through Pacific Invoice Finance, Invoice Funders and Fifo Capital can be utilised to oversee transient income by releasing money from the receipt receivables record, and reinvesting money back the business to create a more prominent return out of capital that would have generally been tied up on the accounting report(OECD, 2015). Merchant Finance through SFO Capital and New Zealand Merchant Finance Group Limited is for enterprises with multiple low-value point-of-sale transactions, where the funding is done based on card sales value, where repayment is made through revenue collection from the provider of the card(OECD, 2015). The most appropriate option for short-term financing at OOB Organics is invoice financing since it consolidates the gap between the point of sales and receipt of payment, is a flexible short-term financing solution for a small/medium enterprise and can be received irrespective of the existing financial status of a profit/loss making organisation. References Atherton, J. (2015, June 21). Oob wins in organic food sales surge. Retrieved from Stuff.co.nz: https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/69550482/oob-wins-in-organic-food-sales-surge Auton, S., Auton, R. (2013, May 24). Small Business: Shannon Auton - OOB Organic. (G. South, Interviewer) Cooper, M., Manhire, J., Dan, C., Reider, R., Morris, M., Rosin, C. (2012). New Zealand Organic Market Report. New Zealand: Organics Aotearoa. Martin, J. (2013, January 29). Special Group takes OOB to the masses. Retrieved from Idelog.co.nz: https://idealog.co.nz/design/2013/01/cream-crop-oob-takes-it-masses Matakana Village. (2016). OOB Ice Cream Cafe. Retrieved from Visit Matakana: https://www.visitmatakana.co.nz/food-wine/oob New Zealand Government. (2014). The Small Business Sector Report. New Zealand: New Zealand Government. NZ Farmer. (2014, August 28). Organic berry firm snares new market. Retrieved from Stuff.co.nz: https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/cropping/10423230/Organic-berry-firm-snares-new-market NZ Funding Grants. (2016). Auckland Government Funding Programmes. Retrieved from NZFundinggrants.org: https://www.nzfundinggrants.org/region/auckland-government-funding-programs OECD. (2015). New Approaches to SME and Entrepreneurship Financing: Broadening the Range of Instruments. Istanbul: OECD. Omaha Organic Berries. (2016). About Us. Retrieved from Omaha Organic Berries: https://www.oob.co.nz/about-us Twose, H. (2013, September 13). Berry growers branch out. Retrieved from NZ Herald News: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=11123913

Foundations of Workplace Success

Question: Discuss about the Foundations of Workplace Success. Answer: Advertisement Selected: Cover letter: Name Address 16th April, 2017 Dear Sir/Madam, Subject: Application for the job of Office Boy I am writing this letter to apply for the post of Office Boy that was published in your advertisement. I am applying for this job because I believe that I meet all the essential criteria required for this particular job role. I strongly feel that I can make effective effort that would be useful for your organization. I have gained much theoretical knowledge during my academic career. I have good understanding of handling clients and can make contribution to your organization in handling clients. I am full of enthusiasm and can contribute the best as per my ability to improve the situation of the company. I can easily contribute my knowledge while addressing any client of your company. I am open to any situation where you can test my ability to work in any challenging situation. I am highly committed to work and I also have the ability to understand a clients need to satisfy them. I can contribute in arranging the resources of the organization and help in utilizing the same for the beneficial purpose of the organization. I am very corporate savvy and also has enough technological knowledge as well that would add benefit to the job post I have applied for. Attached is my CV where the details of my academic and professional life have been stated. Kindly have a look to it. I am looking forward for scheduling an appointment with me. Yours sincerely, Name Analysis of the job Advertisement: The advertisement is very simple and easy to understand. The advertisement has been written in a way that could easily target the group of people who wants to apply for the job. The advertisement has targeted the people for low profile jobs like an Office Boy or a driver. The advertisement has also highlighted the number of people that they require for the particular post. This has made it easier for the applicant to know about the availability of the job. Thus, there was much clarity in the advertisement. In addition to this, the advertisement also had an email ID that the applicant could use to contact the firm. Thus, it was easier for anyone to send the application to the company. I found the advertisement best suitable for me because the jobs that were described here were low profile jobs. I am looking for a job of this kind where I can easily show my ability and perform the best. I know that I am not much suitable for doing high profile jobs because I do not have much knowledge and experience at this point of time. I have little technological knowledge as well that could be helpful for doing low level jobs. I am very obedient towards performing my duty. I am enthusiast towards performing my duty and also have good understanding in dealing with clients. Therefore, I expect that I shall be able to work as an office boy and perform the best as my ability. References: Bhatt, S., 2015. Brand Positioning Map and Analysis Using Web Scraping and Advertisement Analysis. Bhatt, S., 2015. Brand Positioning Map and Analysis Using Web Scraping and Advertisement Analysis. Fox, B.R., 2014. Cover Letter.Richmond Journal of Law Technology,20(4), p.1.

Essay - Writing an Essay About a Story

Essay - Writing an Essay About a StoryWhen writing an essay about a story, it is good to start with the first sentence. This is where the reader will most likely start reading the essay. The first sentence should be eye-catching and enjoyable. In order to state the first sentence properly, you have to know what to say first.Story-telling is the goal of any writer. It is a useful tool for constructing interesting stories. However, if you are not careful, writing an essay about a story may turn into the story-telling process, rather than the story telling process.If you want to begin your essay about a story by stating the first sentence, you need to realize that the beginning paragraph is the time for the story to come to life. Most people get caught up in the middle of the story and the end of the story. Therefore, they are unable to use the beginning paragraph to set the stage for the story.If you are going to write an essay about a story, you have to build your story slowly and sur ely. The beginning paragraph is the moment when you get all the pieces of the story together. It is also the moment when the audience knows what to expect from the story. Your readers cannot wait for the end of the story because it is so exciting. Therefore, your beginning paragraph is the most important part of the essay.Therefore, you must know what your reader expects before starting the essay. For example, many people assume that a story begins with the first sentence, but in reality it begins with the last sentence. As a result, the reader gets his or her 'hook' on the story.When writing an essay about a story, you must determine what the hook is and then use the beginning paragraph to set the stage for your hook. What is the hook? Your hook should be as compelling as the story and if you do not know what that is, you have to find out.Once you have the book figured out, you can begin to write the story. Do not hesitate to jump ahead to the next action because this will make it more difficult for the reader to get into the story. If you jump ahead too quickly, the reader will become impatient. Therefore, you must be able to set the stage. If you are not setting the stage for the story, the reader will not care about the story and he or she will lose interest in it.When writing an essay about a story, you need to decide on the beginning paragraph before beginning the story. You have to establish a hook and get the hook figured out before you get into the middle of the story. By doing this, you can avoid having your readers bored by jumping from one paragraph to another.

Topics For Writing Literature Essay on an Album

Topics For Writing Literature Essay on an AlbumThere are many topics for writing literature essay. An extended essay on an album is probably the easiest to write and also the easiest to do in detail. When an extended essay on an album is completed, it can be a masterpiece. Here are some examples.In music, the songs are the album, but each song, if you will, only contributes to the album as a whole work. The drummer is not a part of the music, yet he does contribute to the work of art. He fills the space, creates the illusion, and carries the music along in his own special way. To show this, we will look at a guitar player's job and his contribution to the music, as well as the other guitarists that make up the band.The guitar player plays the strings of the instrument, while the other players to create the music. Together, they help bring the music to life by vibrating the strings. With the right intonation and tone, and with help from other musicians, they create a symphony. To this end, the guitar player needs to maintain a certain level of skill, so that he does not damage the other musicians.If a guitar player plays in a band, there is usually another member or two. These people help carry out the actions of the guitarist. They also play some instruments, such as piano, organ, or acoustic guitar. The lead guitarist or the rhythm guitarist does not play all of the instruments, but plays a specific amount of them and that amount varies according to the overall length of the work, as well as the performance of each instrument in the band.Often, the lead guitar is the one who decides which songs to play. At other times, it is the guitarist who agrees to play a certain song because they like it, without discussing it first. Occasionally, the lead guitarist wants to leave the band because of differences. In such cases, it is the bassist or the drummer who play the song that the lead guitarist wanted to play.In this example, we have a guitarist that only plays one type of musical instrument. This is quite common. Other artists may have more than one type of instrument. Most artists prefer to play electric guitars or acoustic guitars, while others prefer to play electric and acoustic. When these guitarists form a band, their styles of playing may vary as well.The guitarist that plays the lead role often also plays the drums. If the band has a rhythm guitarist as well, he will often also play drums and the bass. In the example above, if the bassist's bass guitar is tuned to play a song, the lead guitarist's guitar will have the same tuning, so they can play together.The guitarist that plays the lead role and plays the lead instrument (generally the guitar) should play all of the instruments as a group. This results in a good sound, and in a musical composition, when all of the instruments are in harmony. If this happens, then it is a song.

Topics to Write About College Essay

Topics to Write About College EssayIf you are one of the many college students struggling with a tight deadline and knowing that you need to write an essay by a certain date, then one of the best things you can do is to focus on what topics to write about college essay. There are different topics to write about. Most often, students find that the topic to write about varies depending on what their specific college will be like. You might not find yourself writing a paper about the love of your life's favorite band, but if you have a serious point to make, you may find yourself wanting to look into the topics that pertain to it.You may have already decided on a specific topic to write about and find yourself struggling with what to write about. You will have plenty of places to turn to for ideas that pertain to what you want to say. The most obvious way to go about this is to browse online to get some ideas, but there are some other great ways as well.One of the things you should cons ider when you are in the middle of deciding what topics to write about college essay is the type of students you know. If you know the students well, or at least know them enough to get some ideas from them, then you can take some of these ideas with you to work on. Of course, you may also be able to get the ideas you want from the students that are close to you, and get their ideas for you.Topics to write about college essay can include many different topics. You can think about things like religion, politics, and even sports. Even if you know a lot about a particular topic, you may still find yourself wanting to see more. The things you want to write about may be a topic of debate between you and the student you are writing the paper for.Because of the variety of subjects to write about, there are many different ways that you can go about getting ideas. The one thing you need to remember is that each student will have different interests. You need to make sure that your essay is w ritten based on the information given, and does not neglect to make it interesting for the reader.Another thing you need to consider when it comes to topics to write about college essay is whether or not you want to use a certain format. Many people choose to use a format that can easily be done online, which can save you time. Some students may want to write in a different format, however, for example an AP style essay.In general, you will want to be careful to think about how you want to write the piece, and keep in mind what type of format will allow you to do this. For example, if you are looking to write something out of order, then it might be better to stick to a chronological order. Using other methods will give you the freedom to write in any order you want.After you get started, it will be easy to write more articles, and you will be surprised by how much you can write. You will find that this will give you the opportunity to go off on tangents and to write about things th at interest you. These are just some of the topics to write about college essay, and the best advice you can give is to make sure that you focus on what you want to say and make sure that you write it quickly.

Why Do You Think its Not the First Choice For You?

Why Do You Think it's Not the First Choice For You?It can be quite difficult to understand why a buy-term-papers option is not the first choice for you. If you ask most people, they will not be able to even bring up the topic of 'Buy-Term-Papers' with you. They would be too scared and would not be able to put their thoughts in words.A Buy-Term-Paper is an option that allows you to borrow money without a credit check. With the recent tightening of credit checks, the investor is always looking for the best possible alternative that can give them the much needed access to their money without any hassles. For this purpose, they can actually lend their money to you. What happens next?However, if you choose to go in for a Buy-Term-Paper option, you would be giving up many advantages that you could have. In essence, this option would mean giving up your traditional home equity and credit cards. Therefore, your leverage would be significantly decreased.However, if you are confident that you can afford such a loan, then a Buy-Term-Paper option can really be the perfect option for you. Unlike a traditional option, this one will give you the flexibility to borrow money. Moreover, you will get the benefit of an existing asset as collateral.There are many companies who have started to offer this option. If you are interested in getting this type of option, you would have to do some research. Just like any other type of option, you have to look for a company that will match your expectations and needs. Also, make sure that you find out more about the company before making your final decision.The fact remains that a Buy-Term-Paper is one of the options that you can get from the options market. However, it is better to look for a company that offers both fixed rate loans and variable rate loans. This can be a valuable benefit for you as it will allow you to save the time that is required for doing an individual mortgage application.Just keep in mind that a Buy-Term-Paper optio n would be just a temporary solution. In fact, it might just be a stop-gap option that will not even give you the protection of a traditional loan.

Madness Essay Example

Madness Essay Madness leaks out of 19th century literature and most abundantly in Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea in the exploration Bertha. Madness with the idea of animality, and in terms of its description and behavior will be interpreted as it applies to Bertha Mason. As a support of this madness, the dissection of the social views of Bertha, or Antoinette and Rochester will also be presented.   There will be a juxtaposition of Victorian culture versus the Caribbean.   In order to fully support the concept of social class and its effect on the characters a look at Bertha’s background and her heritage of being half black and half white will also be an important aspect of this essay. In Wide Sargasso Sea   Rhys presents the reader with the character Antoinette, or as this paper will refer to her, Bertha Mason.  Ã‚   Rhys’ novel examines such issues as color conscious, and segregation within the black community.   The novel is a portrait of Bertha Mason, and her hegira from her home in the Caribbean to England with her husband Rochester.   She is a half black, half white woman who wishes that she was either, rich, beautiful, intelligent, lighter skinned or a man; anything else besides who she was, and anyone else other than a person with a background full of discrimination and a family history of insanity through neglect.   It is with this idea of belonging to neither class but having a husband who seems to have a problem with lower social classes especially the black class which drives Bertha to her end state of described insanity. We will write a custom essay sample on Madness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Madness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Madness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Rhys’ novel the subject of color complexity is ingrained in Bertha from both her grandmother and mother and reiterated through various persons in the novel such as her husband Rochester.   With these sentiments of not being able to belong and having nothing to alter her situation, Bertha becomes distinctly isolated from her surrounding environment which fuels her feeling of neglect from her family and especially her husband.   There is witnessed a certain detachment within the main character:   This detachment is best exemplified in Bertha’s further passiveness with her husband.   She deals with him categorically, listing him as rich, but failing she feels in his duty as a husband to her, especially when he has an affair.   Not only is Bertha apathetic but prejudiced with anyone who does not match up to her preferences. Bertha’s sentiment toward servants.   Although at times Bertha is sympathetic towards the servants but when she has been married for over a year, and Rochester employs new servants Bertha worries about their voodoo practices.   Since Bertha is Creole, and her heritage has brought her up with a specific belief system, she feels her fears about the servants are justified while Rochester reassures her by stating that the blacks are too lazy to try and do anything to harm them.   In this contrasting belief about the servants there is a definite theme development in Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea.   The theme which is revealed to the reader is that Rochester harbors a distinct racism, which may in fact overrule his love for Bertha in their relationship because of her heritage.   Although the two are married in an arranged marriage there are many differences which are relevant to their relationship as well as their character development. Racism in the novel is strictly placed on African Americans, not on whites.   Bertha was out to impress and embody everything she believed would make her feel either more white or more like a white person.   It was this sentiment, this denial of the self which ultimately leads to Bertha’s insanity, although at the close of the novel it is Bertha’s jump which ultimately frees her such pre-conceptions made about her by both her husband’s bigotry and society’s rueful judgement.   Although a lot can be said about gender issues in the book but the keystone subject is color conscious.   By striving to retard her heritage in order to better cope with the situations arising with her husband, especially when they move to England, Bertha, is hoping to find many things: love, a home, acceptance, confidence, and especially happiness.   It is happiness which becomes a pivotal element in Bertha’s character.   If any part of her life isn’t up to par with her idea of any of these things, then she blames it on her heritage, or finds an extreme difference between her and her husband because of her cultural background, just as she states that her husband is not worried about the servants only because he is not Creole.   In a way, Bertha is also creating many of the differences separating herself and Rochester.   Although many of these difference, and most important of them is their concepts for servants, divide them, they are also the divided by their preconceptions of each other through their society.   She is not entirely wrong in her conjecture of other’s treatment towards her being of a different heritage. However much Rochester held racist thoughts about the blacks, about them being lazy, he does trust them to an extent and believes they would never harm him.   It is this trust which ultimately injures Bertha’s son Pierre.   When the servants revolt and Rochester opens the door to the glacis he is meet with his ignorance for everything that Bertha feared has come true.   Bertha then rushes to her son’s room where her trusted servant Myra has joined the maddening crowd outside and who have started to burn down the house.   It seems that although Rochester is biased against the blacks, calling them lazy, Bertha is the one who believes in the malicious nature, and whose belief in their hatred of her and her position in society have spurned them to this present situation. In this riot scene Rhys reveals many strongly held positions of the characters.   Rochester is the character who holds prejudices against the blacks of the West Indies.   Not only does Rochester hold these biased beliefs but he also has a strong misconception of the Creoles.   The servants in the Caribbean are the ones who hold the power, while Rochester is used to the owner of the land and houses to hold power, as is true for his native England, his misconstrued beliefs lead him to endanger his family.   Rochester believes that since he is white and from England no harm may come to him by the backwards, voodoo practicing servants.   The issue of control becomes an underlying theme behind the prejudices of Wide Sargasso Sea. Since control becomes a central part of the novel, the effect of control and the lack or holding of it for each character needs to be examined.   It is Rochester’s character who develops an over-concentration with the concept of control.   Rochester cannot fathom how Bertha can feel that she has no control over her servants, the people whose job it is to answer her desires and needs.   Although part of this is a culture divide it is also a gender divide.   While Rochester is empowered with giving orders, as is portrayed later on in Rhys’ work when the couple return to Rochester’s estate, there is no denying that Bertha is subject to Rochester’s poor interpretations of her actions, feelings, and culture.   Bertha feels threatened by her servants, even though she is ‘supposed’ to be lord over them.   One climactic moment of this reversal of character for Bertha however occurs when she meets Jane, which will be discussed later in the essay. In order to justify herself, her move to England and to increase her happiness, Bertha places her self worth on whether or not Rochester loves her.   In the parts of the novel when she and Rochester are together, Bertha speaks about joy more frequently.   Her attraction to him however is based primarily on his skin color and social position.   Rochester’s attraction to her is based primarily on avarice and greed, not love but economic convenience.   The cycle of Bertha’s wanting acceptance from Rochester fuels her descent into madness, and damages her emotionally and physically.   Rochester seems to sweetly chastise her about her belief structure, which only instigates her isolation.   The differing beliefs towards the servants, and toward issues of power are a symbol of their failed compromise in love, and their self-destruction of each other. At Thornfield, these issues of control form into issues of identity for both Rochester and Bertha.   Their identity seems to rest upon their control over themselves.   Since Bertha is Jane’s daughter (metaphorically as presented by Bronte and Rhys), it would make her (Bertha) a double nonentity.   Bertha is the offspring of an orphan (someone with no ties and someone feeling the absence of a family) and a madwoman.   Bertha is kept locked away in that room, locked inside of Jane and physically locked away in the attic at Thornfield.   At Gateshead, Lowood, and   Thornfield Jane struggles with her rebellion, hunger, and rage while still trying to find her identity.   Each of these devices is thought unfeminine and beastly, and perceived as having a lack of control over oneself which also branches into not having control over one’s surroundings as was demonstrated by Bertha and Rochester back at Coulibri, so to appease the class hierarchy in society Jane mus t not admit that these feelings even exist.   Bertha, on the other hand, embraces these characteristics, and finally is exhibiting a type of control at least over her identity.   While Jane struggles with the burdens of being upright, Bertha revels in her twisted feminine pulchritude version of madness.   It seems that once Bertha embraces this madness, she finally has control over herself, but in the end she still fails to have control over her surroundings as Rochester still does not love her, and her servants may fear her, but they do not obey her. Bertha’s madness takes the form of nonverbal communication, which again shows a lack of control over her surroundings.   She does not speak but makes guttural noises and cackles.   Since Bertha refuses to speak, it can be assumed that she is using her silence as a form of protest and resistance.   Bertha’s reason for protest for example, is that Rochester stole her away from her family, and then imprisoned her in Thornfield. The term madness is an open category used by physicians in Victorian times as an all-encompassing term for a feminine malady.   Madness then is a term imposed upon women who do not adhere to or conform to the role of 19th century female. Through the hegira of the novel it was a curious observation to see Bertha’s character remain constant, monotonous: From Coulibri, to England.   This calls to question whether or not it should be said that Bertha is failing in trying to find a home.   This factored in with love, happiness, and confidence are the cul-de-sac she suffers in each place.   With the close of the novel, Bertha’s change is cataclysmic and expecting for her mother’s predisposing madness is unexpected, but completely in accord with her lack of control, and her culture and feeling of isolation. Since Rochester has physically locked Bertha away, Jane realizes that he would never accept her true personality, or her hint of madness as it has so been termed.   Bertha’s death is a questionable suicide.   It may be viewed as an action for liberations not only for Bertha but for Jane.   It may also be viewed as Bertha’s final act against the oppressive hand of Rochester.   In either case, it is clear that Bertha’s jump is ambiguous and not, as other critiques may see, an act or altruism for the sake of Jane. In order to better understand class struggle and identity through culture a closer look at Bertha is needed.   Bertha is born in the red-room, and in a sense, never leaves it until the final plunge on the rocks which ends her physical appearance in the novel. When the reader is first introduced into the red-room, Jane describes it as â€Å"This room was chill, because it seldom had a fire† (Bronte 21), so after Bertha’s birth, the room embodies a feminine mystique, a sense of womanhood as it were, which symbolizes Jane’s fury about the surroundings she is incapable of changing.   Bertha, as has been established, as Jane’s doppleganger is in a sense the â€Å"looking glass† (21) of Jane; suffice it to say that while Jane keeps a calm head Bertha is a pyromaniac.   In the red-room the reader gets the first glimpse of Bertha, â€Å"the strange little figure there gazing at me, with a white face and arms specking the gloom, and glittering eyesâ⠂¬  (21). This scene signifies the breaking off of Jane’s wild side.   The side which society cannot control.   The description Jane gives of the ‘looking glass’ figure will parallel other descriptions of Bertha later in the novel; such as the torn veil scene where Jane sees Bertha through the oblong dark glass.   This is a sort of Alice Through the Looking Glass transcendence; where everything about Jane is distorted in reference to Bertha through the looking glass of the Victorian Era. The red-room signifies Jane’s womb, and it will be about eight years later when Jane comes in contact with it again. Bertha then becomes doubly trapped, one for Jane’s womb (red-room) and then by Rochester at Thornfield. Since Jane is an orphan and Bertha is Jane’s phantom image, this type of relationship would put Bertha in a situation where she develops a double stigma. Not only is she orphaned by her orphaned mother, but she is emotionally abandoned by her husband. This double non-entity status marks the nascent Bertha’s protest. Bertha cannot expect to be understood by the surrounding dyads so she forms a protest by using nonverbal communication: â€Å"nineteenth century hysteric was in fact enacting a protest against the traditional female role† (Caminero-Santangelo 3).   This establishment for Bertha allows her to still be in the mind of Rochester, maybe not as a person, but as a threat to his plans of marrying Jane. The communication Bertha uses consists mainly of grunting, using guttural noises and laughing. The events instigated by Bertha at Thornfield take place during a full moon. In this case, her laughing is associated with lunacy.   However, Bertha’s laughter may also be construed as a form of anger or protest.   It was more common for a Victorian woman to swoon, faint, or cry rather than to laugh. With laughing Bertha seems to be saying that since no one wants to deal with her, she will at least make sure that people can hear her. Bertha’s madness has now become a form of resistance. Since society will have nothing to do with her, she will embrace the pariah status she has acquired.   Similarly, Jane has had to do this. Jane has always been cast out of social functions (at Gateshead especially), she is ever kept from a warm fire, a kind home, for even at Lowood she was too small to sit by the fire which was being blocked by the robust bodies of Bertha look-a-likes. Since society has a low tolerance for Jane’s outspokenness, most of how Jane would like to act is pawned off on her orphaned alter-ego, Bertha.   Bertha’s actions mirror Jane’s desires. So it may be designed that Bertha is still working inside the ‘looking glass’, inside the red-room and more especially inside of Jane.   Jane is bound to the laws of etiquette and so is not allowed to act how she feels.   She depends on Bertha’s hysterics to let her true feelings be known.   Nevertheless, it i s disturbingly clear from recurrent images in the novel that Bertha not only acts for Jane, she also acts like Jane.   The imprisoned Bertha, running â€Å"backwards and forwards† on all fours in the attic, for instance, recalls not only Jane the governess, whose only relief from mental pain was to pace â€Å"backwards and forwards† in the third story, but also that â€Å"bad animal† who was ten-ear-old Jane, imprisoned in the red-room, howling and mad. Bertha’s â€Å"goblin appearance† â€Å"half dream, half reality, â€Å" says Rochester- recalls the lover’s epithets for Jane: â€Å"malicious elf, â€Å" †sprite,† â€Å"changeling,† as well as his playful accusation that she had magically downed his horse at their first meeting† (Gilbert, Gubar 361).   Rochester’s recollection may very well be that of his and Bertha’s, for especially in marriage Bertha has proven to have â€Å"downed his hor se† as it were.   It is accurately depicted that Jane and Bertha share similar actions, mannerisms, feelings, and decisions.   More importantly they share a bond of societal bastardization, which brings about Ussher’s view of feminism and hysterics, â€Å"Recent feminist work on hysteria, observing that strong and outspoken women were the ones diagnosed and treated within this oppressive regime lends support to the case that diagnosis and treatment were used as methods of social control and that symptoms were in reality an form of protest† (Ussher 76). The novel’s themes rely upon the setting of Jamaica and then the novel’s second narration by Rochester in England.   The comparison of the two settings aid in the reader’s understanding of the class struggle of both characters.   Whites who are born in England share a higher place in society than whites who are Creoles (Creole is a descendent of Europeans who began to inhabit the West Indies one or two generations back).   The servants who play in important part in the development of Rochester and Bertha’s relationship share an equal importance in the novel as their identities as ex-slaves fuel the division of class in the novel. It is this integration of many cultures which fuels the bad blood between the characters and often times results in the misunderstanding between Bertha and Rochester.   In fact, it is only Antoinette (Bertha) and her mother who do not present racist views in the novel.   There is a certain respect Bertha has for her servants, hence her trust in them to watch her son (although this trust may also be a type of fear of the servants).   This aids in Bertha’s confusion of the servant’s role when she moves to England with Rochester.   In this move it is paramount to understand that Bertha’s background, and interaction with servants was very different in the West Indies than in England.   The control she cannot seem to must in her home reveals itself to her in England, and although her character goes mad by society’s standards, she final enacts control of her own identity and actions by finally burning down Rochester’s house, and her relationship with him, and making   a free will choice of her own by jumping off the roof.